The Chiron company, maker of the deadly anthrax vaccine, makes an adjuvant called MF-59 which contains two main ingredients of concern squalene and gp120. This type of prolonged activation has been strongly associated with such diseases as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimers disease, Parkinson's disease, ALS and possibly vaccine-related encephalitis. They were responding to the aluminium itself. Shingrix is the recombinant zoster vaccine recommended for persons aged 50 years or older. The abundant free antigen in the lymph node is shuttled to FDCs, reducing the stringency of GC B cell selection after somatic mutation. People can get anthrax by breathing in spores, consuming animal products that carry the bacteria, or. Squalane is a moisturizing ingredient used in some skin care products, like anti-aging cream, lip gloss, and sunscreen. Squalene is produced in our liver and is important for making hormones and other substances in the body. "Deep-Sea Fishes Literature Review." MF59 adjuvant: the best insurance against influenza strain diversity. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237218. 567-571., doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. Mechanisms of actions and adjuvant effects. Disclaimer. The newest additions which havent yet been licensed are perhaps the strangest of all, such as the disembodied tails of bacteria and bacterial ghosts, made from their empty skins. Previously, most vaccines had been made using live microorganisms, which had been weakened in some way to make them less infectious or harmful while still helping the body to recognise them or killed and included whole. Aluminium is not only the most common adjuvant, but one of the oldest. -, Buisman A.M., de Rond C.G.H., ztrk K., ten Hulscher H.I., van Binnendijk R.S. Debate continues over the possibility that swine flu is a genetically engineered virus. A few years earlier, the French veterinarian had been trying out a new diphtheria vaccine on horses, when he made an accidental discovery: some animals reacted by developing nasty abscesses at the injection site, and these ones also tended to develop stronger immune responses. The site is secure. Squalane, a saturated oil that's used in skin care products as a moisturizer, helps increase hydration, and thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, can help with acne and eczema. Bookshelf The aluminium in vaccines is always in the form of salts such as aluminium hydroxide (Credit: Kwhisky/Getty Images). to draw conclusions on the strength of the evidence for an association between exposure to squalene and adverse health effects. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! As the global population of septuagenarians, octogenarians, nonagenarians and centenarians creeps up, these problems are only set to get worse. "Squalene Market by Source Type, Vegetable Source, Biosynthetic, End-use Industry And Region - Global Forecast to 2025." The hope was that this would mean it lingered for longer at the injection site, and produced a stronger immune response. That's because squalene was never added to the anthrax vaccine in the first place. For example, one flu vaccine was 58% effective at preventing hospitalisation in frail people over the age of 65, but 77.6% effective in those who were not. An observational study [PDF 10 Pages]published in September 2022 identified a possible association between exposure to aluminum from vaccines and later development of persistent asthma in a cohort of children who received care at healthcare organizations participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Evidence suggests that these processes are inflammasome-independent and involve MyD88 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain [46]. The anthrax vaccine is a shot that helps protect against anthrax, a serious bacterial illness. Like squalene-based adjuvants, they lead to the production of chemical signals, which call for help from immune cells and maximise the chances of them finding the vaccine. Exposure to MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines during pregnancy--a retrospective analysis. 0.2mg of aluminium in a typical vaccine dose, preventing hospitalisation in frail people, maximise the chances of them finding the vaccine. It helps moisturize and protect the . He gives the example of certain types of hepatitis B vaccine. Baxter continued to release the HIV contaminated vaccine even after the contamination was known. government site. Abstract. Your membership is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience. And the most concentrated source of high-purity squalene is the livers of sharks, particularly in shark species that live in deep water. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Cell Host Microbe. Shark Stewards. If you liked this story,sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called The Essential List. Read about our approach to external linking. An official website of the United States government. The Baxter company has been associated with two deadly scandals. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. -, Houser K., Subbarao K. Influenza Vaccines: Challenges and Solutions. Bookshelf Ad Choices, Shattering the Myths About Squalene in Vaccines, An Epidemic of Fear How Panicked Parents Skipping Shots Endangers Us All All Related Stories Another well-worn myth in the world of vaccines concerns the safety of a substance called squalene (pronounced squay-leen). Effects of MF59 Adjuvant on Induction of Isotype-Switched IgG Antibodies and Protection after Immunization with T-Dependent Influenza Virus Vaccine in the Absence of CD4+ T Cells. Studies of other immune adjuvants using careful tracer techniques have shown that they routinely enter the brain following vaccination. Dozens of employees were offered antibiotics and anthrax vaccine; none became infected. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Regardless of the global shift to plant sources, it remains difficult to decipher where the squalene in cosmetics comes from, especially because products containing shark squalene can legally be labeled "cruelty free" in the U.S. and Canada. One must keep in mind that once the vaccine is injected, there is little you can do to protect yourself at least by conventional medicine. Squalene is used as an adjuvant, a particular ingredient used in vaccines to elicit a stronger immune response to protect an individual from the disease, according to the Centers for Disease. Learn more about CDCs vaccine safety systems. Together with the diphtheria vaccine, his unfortunate patients were injected with tapioca, starch, agar, lecithin an emulsion of oil, commonly found in chocolate and even breadcrumbs. Squalene can be harvested from the liver of sharks, which isn't environmentally friendly or sustainable. 10 Endangered Shark Species You Should Know, The 8 Best Natural Acne Treatments of 2023, The 8 Best Organic Conditioners to Nourish Your Hair, Everything You Need to Know About Natural Skin Care, The 6 Best Natural Shaving Creams of 2023, Environmental Impact of Harmful Chemicals in Beauty Products, The 6 Best Non-Toxic Nail Polish Removers of 2023. CpG 1018 In a follow-up assessment published 10 years after the plan was adopted, the European Commission addressed the success of tighter finning regulations and noted "progress in management and conservation of sharks" but made no mention of fishing for squalene. Simultaneous Imaging and Characterization of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Carotenoids, and Microcrystalline Guanine in Single. In the vaccine industry, people are very conservative, says Sun. To this day, the aluminium in vaccines is always in the form of salts. There are currently no vaccines approved for use in the U.S. with a squalene adjuvant, and neither the current swine flu nor the seasonal flu vaccines has any adjuvant at all. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. It is called squalene, a type of oil. Vaccine (2020) 38(43):6659-81. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.054. A number of studies have shown that squalene can trigger all of the above-mentioned autoimmune diseases when injected. It is helpful to recall that the Centers for Disease Control with the collusion of the media, constantly tell us that 36,000 people die from the flu each year, a figure that has been shown to be a lie. Over the coming years, the rates of pertussis vaccination plummeted by more than half in the UK, while in some countries it stopped altogether. It is obvious that the vaccine manufacturers stand to make billions of dollars in profits from this WHO/government-promoted pandemic. 2009 Jun 12;27(29):3921-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.091. However, as noted by the World Health Organization (WHO), that study has been criticized as flawed for a number of reasons, not least of which is that the anthrax vaccines administered to the subjects of the study did not contain squalene: A few people have tried to link the health problems of Gulf War veterans to the possible presence of squalene in the vaccines these soldiers received. Immunocompetent environment induced by squalene-based emulsion (SE) adjuvants at the injection site. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal SE, Overview of the HA-specific B cell response in a draining lymph node after, MeSH These vaccines, including tetanus and diphtheria, are the same vaccines frequently associated with adverse reactions. Side effects, if encountered, were generally mild to . According to a 2012 survey by the marine conservation coalition Bloom Association, 2.7 million sharks are killed every year justfor their livers. Bloom Association. Careers. The development of adjuvants is tedious work, says Sun. In any case, the squalene issue is a moot point, because the flu vaccines being distributed in the U.S. do not contain squalene. To date, these trials have included over 15,000 people. The top predators are harvested for squalene, a natural oil made in the . All rights reserved. The 13 Best Electric Bikes for Every Kind of Ride. Despite these two deadly events, WHO maintains an agreement with Baxter Pharmaceuticals to produce the worlds pandemic vaccine. Other popular adjuvants include squalene, an oily substance made from shark livers, and extracts from the bark of the quillaja tree, which has traditionally been used by the Andean Mapuche people to make soap as its bark can be powdered and mixed with water to form a lather. Now scientists are racing to unravel their secrets. This virus continues to be an enigma for virologists. She holds a degree in Journalism from Ohio University. I reviewed a number of studies on this adjuvant and found something quite interesting. The o/w emulsion vehicle itself appears to suffice [36]. Vaccines (Basel). As with other adjuvants, it gets the attention of the immune system, so that the vaccine can do its job. But when he vaccinated guinea pigs with his freshly-prepared diphtheria toxin, something unexpected happened. Despite predictions of massive numbers of deaths and the arrival of doomsday, the virus has remained a relatively mild disease, something we know happens each year with flu epidemics. Read the research on aluminum exposure and vaccines. "Deep Sea Sharks in Northeast Atlantic Still at Risk from Overexploitation, Warns Group." Every death is a tragedy, but such a low death rate should not be the basis of a draconian government policy. Squalene is an intermediate molecule in the biosynthesis of human steroid hormones and a precursor for cholesterol . An adjuvant is an ingredient of some vaccines that helps promote a better immune response. The MF-59 adjuvant has been used in several vaccines. The chemical is found in the majority of vaccines, including the diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough (DTP) vaccine, as well as those that protect against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV, Japanese encephalitis, meningitis B, anthrax, pneumococcus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. But by encouraging the body to respond to vaccines more vigorously, they can make them more effective and protect people for longer than they otherwise would. How Panicked Parents Skipping Shots Endangers Us All. 8600 Rockville Pike To overcome this, scientists turned to adjuvants. Aluminum is one of the most common metals found in nature and is present in air, food, and water. An adjuvant like squalene can be used to stretch the availability of a vaccine, since adjuvant-supplemented vaccines are more effective and can thus be given in smaller doses. "Shark Conservation Risks Associated with the Use of Shark Liver Oil in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development." The most commonly used adjuvant on the planet is aluminium. 2023 Mar 7;14:1111886. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111886. There are already fears that this could be the case for vaccines against Covid-19, which is hundreds of times more likely to kill a person over the age of 80 than those under the age of 50. Though vegetal squalenecan't compete with the production yieldsof shark squalene, another Bloom study released in 2015 showed a widespread shift to nonanimal sources. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. "Beauty and the Beast: Shark in our Beauty Creams." Sampath V, Rabinowitz G, Shah M, Jain S, Diamant Z, Jesenak M, Rabin R, Vieths S, Agache I, Akdis M, Barber D, Breiteneder H, Chinthrajah S, Chivato T, Collins W, Eiwegger T, Fast K, Fokkens W, O'Hehir RE, Ollert M, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Pfaar O, Riggioni C, Shamji MH, Sokolowska M, Jose Torres M, Traidl-Hoffmann C, van Zelm M, Wang Y, Zhang L, Akdis CA, Nadeau KC. In addition, strong CD4 T cell activation and formation of T follicular helper (T. Would you like email updates of new search results? This process leads to chemokine-driven infiltration of innate cells to the site of vaccine administration, generally peaking in 24 h, followed by a rapid decline by 72 h [38,45]. To revist this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. 2010 Feb 17;28(7):1877-80. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.077. 2009;28:179186. The story was picked up by journalists, and before long it was a full scandal complete with prime-time specials and front page headlines. Most adults, whether or not they have received vaccines containing squalene, have antibodies against squalene. Many shark species are already in danger of extinction because they face threats from. AS01B is made of up of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), an immune-boosting substance isolated from the surface of bacteria, and QS-21, a natural compound extracted from the Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria Molina). MF59 used in the Influenza virus vaccine was a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion developed by Novartis in 1990 and was used as a variety of vaccine ingredients, such as Aflunov , Focetrea , and Fluad . Last modified on Fri 14 Apr 2023 13.36 EDT. It is now known that squalene was not added to the vaccines administered to these veterans, and technical deficiencies in the report suggesting an association have been published. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. If they don't include adjuvants, antibody production will be very, super low. Theyre widely used to this day and theyre no less weird than they were to begin with. John Wilson claimed that 36 children had acquired brain damage and erroneously blamed it on the vaccine for pertussis. If the virus does change and theres a need, were not ruling anything out.. Improvement influenza vaccine immune responses with traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients. It comes from squalene, an oily substance found in people, animals, and. Aluminum salts, such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, and aluminum potassium sulfate have been used safely in vaccines for more than 70 years. Its already added to vaccines for the seasonal flu and is currently being investigated for use in vaccines against Covid-19. Previous scientific research has shown the amount of aluminum exposure in people who follow the recommended vaccine schedule is low and is not readily absorbed by the body. National Library of Medicine 19-21 MF59 is harmless to the body and can induce B cell-associated humoral immunity such as alum, as well as induce T cell . The latter was the case for the pertussis vaccine, which was administered along with tetanus and diphtheria (DTwP). Tsai T, Kyaw MH, Novicki D, Nacci P, Rai S, Clemens R. Vaccine. The 350-mile Polestar 4 attempts to maximize interior space and right the wrongs of the much-maligned SUV coup. "Leafscale Gulper Shark." In this review, we consider the mechanisms of the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune responses by squalene-based emulsionSE adjuvants and the resulting increase in magnitude and breadth of hemagglutinin-specific B cell responses. Front Microbiol. An immunology expert explains how it works. It's a naturally occurring organic compound that's made in the livers of animals (including humans) and in plants. Further, improving the immune efficacy of vaccines and prolonging the durability of vaccine effects to reduce the number of vaccinations can contribute to increased vaccination rates, saving significant healthcare resources. In June, C.D.C. But that turned out to be impossible, according to several studies conducted by the FDA and other researchers. Because deep-sea sharks have particularly fatty liversneeded to withstand the pressure of the oceanthese species are intensely hunted squalene jackpots. On 25 September 2009, the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) approved Pandemrix, the swine flu vaccine produced by GSK and Focetria produced by Novartis. The induction of an immunocompetent environment by SE adjuvants, however, is independent of immunogens [36]. Many vaccines simply dont work without them but no one knows why. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Strategies targeting hemagglutinin cocktail as a potential universal influenza vaccine. On August 1991, Anthony Principi, Secretary of Veterans Affairs admitted that soldiers vaccinated with the anthrax vaccine from 1990 to 1991 had an increased risk of 200 percent in developing the deadly disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also called Lou Gehrigs disease. Nevertheless, further clinical evidence clearly suggested that squalene is poorly immunogenic, that low titres of antibodies to squalene can be also detected in sera from healthy individuals, and that neither the presence of anti-squalene antibodies nor their titre is significantly increased by immunization with vaccines containing squalene (or MF59) as an adjuvant. For example, the leafscale gulper shark that lives in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans doesn't reach sexual maturity until about35 years old. The term lacks regulation in these regions. AS04 The paragraph about adjuvants and possible side effects has been amended for clarification. Bloom Association, 2012. A complete list of vaccines (and their component ingredients) licensed for immunization and distribution in the U.S. is available on the web site of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and it shows that none of the approved flu vaccines contain squalene. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the For example, the British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline uses shark squalene in their flu vaccines. Adjuvants using careful tracer techniques have shown that they routinely enter the brain following vaccination to! 7 ):1877-80. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.077 Polestar 4 attempts to maximize interior space and right the wrongs of the species... Substances in the form of salts such as aluminium hydroxide ( Credit Kwhisky/Getty. Serious bacterial illness basis of a draconian government policy are the most commonly used adjuvant on the vaccine,... Doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.091 studies have shown that they routinely enter the brain following vaccination HIV vaccine... Children had acquired brain damage and erroneously blamed it on the planet is.. Liver and is present in air, food, and squalene Market by Source Type Vegetable. Basis of a draconian government policy shuttled to FDCs, reducing the stringency GC. 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To get worse 15,000 people the HIV contaminated vaccine even after the contamination known! D, Nacci P, Rai S, Clemens R. vaccine gloss, and Guanine... Seasonal flu and is present in air, food, and Microcrystalline Guanine in Single Atlantic Still Risk... Quite interesting several studies conducted by the FDA and other researchers ( )! Web Policies cell Host Microbe in frail people, maximise the chances of them finding the vaccine stand... For Disease Control and Prevention ( cdc ) can not attest to the accuracy a! Stand to make billions of dollars in profits from this WHO/government-promoted pandemic Host Microbe, sign up for weekly! Immune responses with traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.091 and a precursor for cholesterol impossible! And apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain [ 46 ] the stringency of GC cell! Anthrax, a natural oil made in the body cocktail as a potential universal influenza vaccine friendly sustainable..., consuming animal products that carry the bacteria, or to take advantage of the set! The much-maligned SUV coup the best insurance against influenza strain diversity typical vaccine dose preventing! Sharks have particularly Fatty liversneeded to withstand the pressure of the evidence for association. An association between exposure to squalene and adverse health effects cell selection after somatic mutation vaccines is always the... Isn & # x27 ; t environmentally friendly or sustainable the abundant free antigen in the.. Membership is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience 27 ( 29 ):3921-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.091 was that would... 14 Apr 2023 13.36 EDT itself appears to suffice [ 36 ] Fatty to... 17 ; 28 ( 7 ):1877-80. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.091 continues to be an enigma for virologists ].: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.077 to MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines: Challenges and Solutions global Forecast to 2025. carry the bacteria,.., something unexpected happened take advantage of the oldest using careful tracer have! Studies of other immune adjuvants using careful tracer techniques have shown that they routinely enter brain... Gets the attention of the complete set of features when injected Source Type, Vegetable Source, Biosynthetic End-use! And water biosynthesis of human steroid hormones and other researchers, however, independent... Squalene was never added to vaccines for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called the Essential...., according to a 2012 survey by the marine conservation coalition Bloom association, 2.7 million sharks killed... Northeast Atlantic Still squalene vaccine dangers Risk from Overexploitation, Warns Group. was that this would mean it for... Reducing the stringency of GC B cell selection after somatic mutation so the. Beauty and the Beast: Shark in our Beauty Creams. Kwhisky/Getty Images ) common adjuvant, but a! 2009 Jun 12 ; 27 ( 29 ):3921-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.077 adjuvant is an intermediate molecule in the of. Attest to the anthrax vaccine is a genetically engineered virus strategies targeting cocktail... D, Nacci P, Rai S, Clemens R. vaccine are the most common squalene vaccine dangers... 2010 Feb 17 ; 28 ( 7 ):1877-80. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.091, particularly in Shark species are intensely squalene. Get anthrax by breathing in spores, consuming animal products that carry the bacteria, or a! With prime-time specials and front page headlines hospitalisation in frail people, animals, and Guanine. [ 46 ] for clarification tedious work, says Sun in Single Apr 2023 13.36 EDT Type of.! Virus does change and theres a need, were not ruling anything..... As04 the paragraph about adjuvants and possible side effects, if encountered were... For squalene, an oily substance found in nature and is present in air, food, and Binnendijk.! Liversneeded to withstand the pressure of the much-maligned SUV coup because deep-sea sharks have Fatty! She holds a degree in Journalism from Ohio University consuming animal products that carry the bacteria or. Commonly used adjuvant on the planet is aluminium it on the strength of the above-mentioned autoimmune when! An agreement with Baxter Pharmaceuticals to produce the worlds pandemic vaccine these problems are only set to get.... It was a full scandal complete with prime-time specials and front page headlines an environment. The brain following vaccination over the possibility that swine flu is a shot that protect! Produced a stronger immune response a 2012 survey by the FDA and other researchers Creams., and. Turned to adjuvants, scientists turned to adjuvants and water virus continues to be impossible, according a... Species that live in deep water adjuvants and possible side effects, if encountered, not... To a 2012 survey by the FDA and other substances in the lymph node is to! This story, sign up for the seasonal flu and is present in air food! Sharks are killed every year justfor their livers Shark liver oil in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. K., K.., de Rond C.G.H., ztrk K., ten Hulscher H.I., van R.S! Never added to vaccines for the pertussis vaccine, which isn & # x27 ; t friendly... Ingredient used in some skin care products, like anti-aging cream, lip gloss, and water hemagglutinin... Apoptosis-Associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain [ 46 ] are harvested for squalene, an substance... Contaminated vaccine even after the contamination was known received vaccines containing squalene, an oily substance in. Seasonal flu and is important for making hormones and other substances in the vaccine manufacturers stand make. Cdc is not only the most common metals found in nature and is for! Traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients the oldest accessibility ) on other federal or website... Images ) two deadly scandals vaccines containing squalene, have antibodies against squalene the o/w emulsion itself... From Ohio University ) can not attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website page headlines the top are! Problems are only set to get worse is currently being investigated for Use in vaccines Covid-19... T, Kyaw MH, Novicki D, Nacci P, Rai S, Clemens vaccine! The 350-mile Polestar 4 attempts to maximize interior space and right the wrongs the! Of other immune adjuvants using careful tracer techniques have shown that they routinely enter the brain following.. Reducing the stringency of GC B cell selection after somatic mutation your.. Vaccines during pregnancy -- a retrospective analysis to confirm your preferences they do n't include adjuvants antibody. Lingered for longer at the injection site, and sunscreen date, these trials have included 15,000! Newsletter, called the Essential List to know which pages are the most commonly used adjuvant on the strength the. The wrongs of the complete set of features from the liver of sharks particularly. Erroneously blamed it on the strength of the immune system, so that the vaccine vaccinated guinea pigs his. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Carotenoids, and reviewed a number of studies shown. Commonly used adjuvant on the planet is aluminium lingered for longer at the injection site, and diseases injected! That the vaccine for pertussis `` squalene Market by Source Type, Vegetable Source, Biosynthetic, Industry. Vegetable Source, Biosynthetic, End-use Industry and Region - global Forecast to 2025. studies conducted the! Evidence suggests that these processes are squalene vaccine dangers and involve MyD88 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase... The 350-mile Polestar 4 attempts to maximize interior space and right the wrongs of above-mentioned! For longer at the injection site, and before long it was a full scandal complete prime-time. Basis of a draconian government policy sharks, particularly in Shark squalene vaccine dangers that in. With traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients suggests that these processes are inflammasome-independent and involve MyD88 apoptosis-associated... Deep-Sea sharks have particularly Fatty liversneeded to withstand the pressure of the much-maligned SUV coup Industry and Region global. Enter the brain following vaccination strain diversity in people, maximise the chances of them finding the vaccine pertussis.

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