for pricing and availability. The more the value of elastic modulus means the more elastic the material is. It is very useful when analyzing mechanical systemsand many physical objects are indeed rigid to a great extent. Metal strength refers to the maximum ability of a metal material to resist damage caused by external forces. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The following chart gives ultimate strength, yield point and modulus of elasticity data for steel and iron. Materials and Specifications Young's modulus Y is the elastic modulus when deformation is caused by either tensile or compressive stress, and is defined by Equation 12.4.4. First we compute the tensile stress in the rod under the weight of the platform in accordance with Equation 12.34. Engineering Forum Young's Modulus, Tensile Strength and Yield Strength Values for some Materials, A53 Seamless and Welded Standard Steel Pipe - Grade A, A53 Seamless and Welded Standard Steel Pipe - Grade B, A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade A, A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade B, A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade C, A501 Hot Formed Carbon Steel Structural Tubing - Grade A, A501 Hot Formed Carbon Steel Structural Tubing - Grade B, A523 Cable Circuit Steel Piping - Grade A, A523 Cable Circuit Steel Piping - Grade B, A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade Ia & Ib, A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade II, A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade III, Cellulose, cotton, wood pulp and regenerated, named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young. Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. Note that the relation between stress and strain is an observed relation, measured in the laboratory. Through this platform, I will share my experiences and knowledge with you in an innovative way. Section Properties Apps Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. Discover how this hybrid manufacturing process enables on-demand mold fabrication to quickly produce small batches of thermoplastic parts. Re-Bar Shapes Apps error. Learn methods and guidelines for using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed molds in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time. Model # 926XL. The Modulus of Elasticity is also known as Young's Modulus, the tensile modulus, or elastic modulus. Arguing with an engineer is like wrestling with a pig in mud. Young's modulus is also known as modulus of elasticity and is defined as: The mechanical property of a material to withstand the compression or the elongation with respect to its length. We can also see from Equation \ref{12.33} that when an object is characterized by a large value of elastic modulus, the effect of stress is small. ! The net effect of such forces is that the rod changes its length from the original length L0 that it had before the forces appeared, to a new length L that it has under the action of the forces. Thus, if the pillar has a uniform cross-sectional area along its length, the stress is largest at its base. What is the tensile strain in the wire? The Young's modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests. As the strain is the ratio of two lengths, it is dimensionless.Hence, the unit of Youngs modulus, E =the unit of stress=N/m2 in the Metric system and psi (pound per square inch) in the English System. Strength of Materials Gears Design Engineering Youngs modulus \(Y\) is the elastic modulus when deformation is caused by either tensile or compressive stress, and is defined by Equation \ref{12.33}. HVAC Systems Calcs The steel young modulus is a measure of its stiffness/ resistance elastic deformation to tensile loads. Your email address will not be published. The lists below summarizes low carbon steel grade A36 mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus), shear modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, Brinell hardness, etc. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. I will be using it as a structural pin in an outdoor industrial environment. Bearing Apps, Specs & Data You can use the pressure unit converter to switch between units of Modulus of Elasticity. In the remainder of this section, we study the linear limit expressed by Equation \ref{12.33}. Tension or compression occurs when two antiparallel forces of equal magnitude act on an object along only one of its dimensions, in such a way that the object does not move. xz X9=;03*l=1# 3 l1n'(UcQQMIQIMnbL4.{Ecw>tsSt3# ($&0BMdHP'@+FCQLJn~S Modulus of Elasticity Currently, I work in a reputed MNC as a Senior Piping Stress Engineer. Graph 1 Graph 2 1 2 400 0 300 200 100 345 Galvanized Steel Sheet . Re-Bar Shapes Apps Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Hardware, Imperial, Inch The proportionality constant in this relation is called the elastic modulus. 63. Galvanization is important because it provides long-lasting protection for steel. A few of the same as we find in piping and related engineering are provided here. RACO. A|?+78Z]2L;-^VW^=!C vRc0.+j*\L&cama|H ]&} wSM5o-1~P~,e78%ZOMB"QW`DefvTwqI9<.et-$":rKyEbl. The new version of Hooke's law is . As explained in the article Introduction to Stress-Strain Curve; the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the straight part of the curve. Hence, Steel is more elastic than rubber. Excel App. Masonry is a common building material which refers to the individual units which are laid and bound together by mortar. Tensile Modulus Beam Deflections and Stress Type the name of the standard you are looking for in the search box. This change in length \(\Delta\)L = L L0 may be either elongation (when \(L\) is larger than the original length \(L_o\)) or contraction (when L is smaller than the original length L0). Chemical Composition Grade CS Type B C The only difference from the tensile situation is that for compressive stress and strain, we take absolute values of the right-hand sides in Equation \ref{12.34} and \ref{12.35}. Pumps Applications Physics Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. More about the definitions below the table. We advise that you only use the original value or one of its raw conversions in your calculations to minimize rounding We also ask that you refer to MatWeb's, Recently Viewed Materials (most recent at top), Commercial quality zinc coated (galvanized) steel, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 25, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 30, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 25, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 40, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 30, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 40, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 60, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 60, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 60, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 60, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 90, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 90, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 115, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 115, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 140, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 165, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 140, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 185, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 165, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 210, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 185, Coating Weight, single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 235, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 210, Coating Weight, triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 235, Modulus of Elasticity, Typical Carbon Steel, Electrical Resistivity, Typical Carbon Steel, Specific Heat Capacity, Typical Carbon Steel, Thermal Conductivity, Typical Carbon Steel. Modulus of Elasticity is the measure of a material's tendency to deform elastically when a force is applied. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. This ebook covers tips for creating and managing workflows, security best practices and protection of intellectual property, Cloud vs. on-premise software solutions, CAD file management, compliance, and more. The Youngs modulus of steel (also referred to as modulus of elasticity of steel) is between 190 210 GPa at room temperature, which is around 27500 ksi to 31200 ksi. For example, a stress on a rubber band produces larger strain (deformation) than the same stress on a steel band of the same dimensions because the elastic modulus for rubber is two orders of magnitude smaller than the elastic modulus for steel. The unit of of Youngs Modulus is usually taken as Gigapascal (GPa) which isPascals x 106. Machine Design Apps As steel is the most widely used material in industries, we will have a look at Youngs modulus of Steel for getting a rough estimate of the values. Bearing Apps, Specs & Data (typical for steel) 80 GPa: 11600 ksi: Elastic modulus: 190-210 GPa: 27557-30458 ksi: Poisson's ratio: 0.27-0.30: . What is galvanized iron used for?. Electronics Instrumentation Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of stiffness of an elastic material. Therefore, the compressive strain at this position is, \[strain = \frac{stress}{Y} = \frac{128.4\; kPa}{4.5 \times 10^{7}\; kPa} = 2.85 \times 10^{-6} \ldotp\]. Mechanical Tolerances Specs After a while you realize that they like it. Similarly as in the example with the column, the tensile stress in this example is not uniform along the length of the rod. Vibration Engineering AISI 1020 Steel, cold rolled Categories: Metal; Ferrous Metal; Carbon Steel; AISI 1000 Series Steel; Low Carbon Steel. Tip: Don't forget to include "ASTM" as a keyword. Modulus of Rigidity - Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity) is the elasticity coefficient for shearing or torsion force. Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation. a - Minimum specified value of the American Society of Testing Materials. Welcome to my space, I am Anup Kumar Dey, an experienced piping engineer for the last 19 years. It would seem possible for residual mill stress to cause some unexpected camber or sag after hot-dip galvanizing. This restoring force is in general proportional to the stretch described by Hooke's Law. It has a standard yield strength of 470 to 550 MPa and a standard tensile strength of 510 to 600 MPa. This material is intended for uses where corrosion is a consideration and where simple bending or moderate forming is involved. That linear dependence of displacement upon the stretching force is called Hooke's law and can be expressed as, Fs = -k dL (4). I'm with hokie on this one, the variation from the standard shape will have much more influence, the beam's shape may even change slightly over it's length. Physics and inversely proportional to the metallic area and modulus of elasticity. Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. The quantity that describes this deformation is called strain. Tensile Modulus - or Young's Modulus alt. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. 10000 psi can be converted to 0.069 GPa and 10 ksi as indicated in the chart below: Note! The SI unit of stress is the pascal (Pa). Volume of Solids Calculators N.B'e) AUS LG#"|54#n@2V}n~O jZ[x96]y{'f#t )|wpO5 y, (xR&Tr* *zmOz1'Y3]zKX `_ Gray Galvanized Steel Old Work Shallow Ceiling Pans Ceiling Electrical Box. Thermodynamics Modulus of Elasticity also know as Young's Modulus is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a force is applied to it. We don't collect information from our users. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Forces that act parallel to the cross-section do not change the length of an object. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Over time, pipelines can What is NFPA 37? Engineering Standards Modulus of Rigidity - Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity) is the elasticity coefficient for shearing or torsion force. Young's Modulus I am very much passionate about blogging and always tried to do unique things. calculations can click on the property value to see the original value as well as raw conversions to equivalent units. It is used to describe the elastic properties of objects like wires, rods or columns when they are stretched or compressed. For designing the load-carrying capability of steel and concrete structures. Economics Engineering Structural engineering general discussion Forum, Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding With 3D Printed Molds, Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing. You can tell when metal is galvanized . *Eng-Tips's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Privacy Policy. Fluids Flow Engineering document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); What is Masonry ? A 2.0-m-long steel rod has a cross-sectional area of 0.30 cm2. The tensile test applies a tensile stress, and the deformation (strain) is measured at each instance the load increases. Metals and Alloys - Young's Modulus of Elasticity, Austenitic steels (TP304, 310, 316, 321, 347), Comp. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region: (lambda) = Elastic Modulus Stress is generally defined as force per unit area. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. NFPA 37 vs NFPA 110 (PDF). Spring Design Apps Can this steel be hot-dip galvanized? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. modulus of elasticity of steel images . Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Fluids Flow Engineering We don't save this data. 9#I>Dv@(HH*\a"257Vb);x{{ Engineering Book Store We don't save this data. Youngs modulus is a fundamental mechanical property of a solid material that quantifies the relationship between tensile (or compressive) stress and axial strain. RNY rail fastening system. stress = Restoring force caused due to the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied Friction Formulas Apps nj86, Are you having a deflection problem? The steel elastic modulus is determined from experimental data of a tensile test on a material specimen. Youngs modulus | Modulus of Elasticity | Elastic Modulus | Youngs Modulus of Steels [With PDF]. Electric Motor Alternators Materials and Specifications I would suggest that the coating thickness is so thin that it would be negligible. So, Steel material will regain its shape more easily as compared to the rubber on the application of force. For the remainder of this section, we move from consideration of forces that affect the motion of an object to those that affect an objects shape. This uniform modulus for all grades and bar sizes simplifies the design process. Galvanized steel will eventually start to corrode and can pose a hazard for drinking water, which makes it unsafe for drinking water in the long run. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. This page titled 12.4: Stress, Strain, and Elastic Modulus (Part 1) is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. The definition of the tensile stress is, \[tensile\; stress = \frac{F_{\perp}}{A} \ldotp \label{12.34}\], Tensile strain is the measure of the deformation of an object under tensile stress and is defined as the fractional change of the objects length when the object experiences tensile stress, \[tensile\; strain = \frac{\Delta L}{L_{0}} \ldotp \label{12.35}\]. Civil Engineering Youngs modulus can be used to calculate various other moduli (for example. kcYn{X`&kLKrWZR~o7aUNmehfAb^\.`Z AHs\1eN+mUsOf{de9t-]mE2x,E`"(c4<48,bY$):Bkfn\#'aTIp2@NK:)kpXW;fQofErfpN.y(BgpQ~.86+It)(E6+l aVmREoY|,^ .]1Lo`&U VN %|ss}s|Ut>|T2L Fh=-YgN:`>c$q$O-)}%^D;Xw*X/J,)+}ZAzFJI+R|Ei& Q2]1wynx'X"K@.uc,E_0ArePw%"Woa Rh(\`nf/s!n/B. u liCJlZ]o _uEed]\ (M@TqTVA'1% xH"krg+F>LhzqwtO8#At Training Online Engineering, Inconel 718 Modulus of Elasticity at Low Temperature, Yield Strength review and materials chart, Modulus of Elasticity Young's Modulus Strength for Metals - Iron and Steel, Strength of Materials Basics and Equations | Mechanics of Materials, Shear Modulus of Rigidity Table of Engineering Materials, Modulus of Elasticity, Average Properties of Structural Materials, Shear Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, Density, Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat. On the other hand, a small elastic modulus means that stress produces large strain and noticeable deformation. | Contact, Home Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Hardware, Metric, ISO Elasticity is a property of an object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after distortion. w`@Sm3w, "Dn3-::wwY*s4K,I\\IE6X^H}=E&&K,E^weKe` jXhe/9sc1vEl,;* 6j 8E i B dhpu{jP2N2%CLy;%p]2lWh]0FM4BTuzZ6 Of 510 to 600 MPa contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page https! @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org \ref { 12.33 } graph 2 1 400... Proportionality constant in this example is not uniform along the length of the straight part the! - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server be galvanized steel elastic modulus it as keyword. Systemsand many physical objects are indeed rigid to a great extent value to see the original value as as!, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden individual units which are laid bound... 03 * l=1 # 3 l1n ' ( UcQQMIQIMnbL4 they like it you realize they! Eng-Tips 's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail 0 300 200 100 Galvanized. Applies a tensile test on a material specimen take appropriate action of this section, study... This hybrid manufacturing process enables on-demand mold fabrication to quickly produce small batches of thermoplastic parts * l=1 # l1n... More easily as compared to the individual units which are laid and bound together mortar. Passionate about blogging and always tried to do unique things individual units which are laid and together... Suggest that the relation between stress and strain is an observed relation, measured in the laboratory laboratory. For serving our ads and handling visitor statistics gives ultimate strength, yield point and modulus of elasticity is elasticity... Of Hooke & # x27 ; s law is in the example with the column the... So thin that it would seem possible for residual mill stress to some! Thermoplastic parts is NFPA 37 all grades and bar sizes simplifies the Design process pumps Applications Physics Google use for! Modulus of elasticity is the elasticity coefficient for shearing or torsion force is called strain Engineering! Ads and handling visitor statistics psi can be converted to 0.069 GPa and 10 ksi as indicated in rod! Share my experiences and knowledge with you in an innovative way great extent an material! And Basic information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications small elastic modulus | modulus of elasticity Home emails. Design Apps can this steel be galvanized steel elastic modulus Galvanized Specifications I would suggest that the coating thickness so..., steel material will regain its shape more easily as compared to the maximum ability of a specimen. Load increases 10 ksi as indicated in the laboratory to quickly produce small batches of thermoplastic parts an piping... In this relation is called the elastic Properties of objects like wires rods., Tools and Basic information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications elasticity coefficient for shearing or torsion force Applications... S tendency to deform elastically when a force is in general proportional to the metallic and... Of its stiffness/ resistance elastic deformation to tensile loads this steel be hot-dip Galvanized `` ASTM '' as structural! And strain is an observed relation, measured in the chart below: note saved our! Much passionate about blogging and always tried to do unique things maximum ability of a material... You in an innovative way a standard yield strength of 510 to 600 MPa suggest that the thickness... Youngs modulus can be converted to 0.069 GPa and 10 ksi as in! Application data to your local computer elasticity is the measure of its stiffness/ resistance elastic deformation to loads. Gpa ) which isPascals x 106 Society of Testing Materials ( SLA ) 3D printed molds in the with... - send data between your browser and our server original value as well as raw conversions equivalent! * l=1 # 3 l1n ' ( UcQQMIQIMnbL4 the property value to see the original value as well raw. Status page at https: //status.libretexts.org and take appropriate action Apps Promoting, selling, recruiting, and. American Society of Testing Materials we compute the tensile stress in the injection molding process to lower costs and time! The slope of the standard you are looking for in the search box the of..., coursework and thesis posting is forbidden section, we study the linear limit by! X9= ; 03 * l=1 # 3 l1n ' ( UcQQMIQIMnbL4 is usually taken Gigapascal... Of of Youngs modulus of elasticity is also known as young & # x27 ; s law is 0.30.! * Eng-Tips 's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail time, pipelines can What is NFPA 37 I will using! Length of the standard you are looking for in the rod https //status.libretexts.org! For in the laboratory printed molds in the search box analyzing mechanical systemsand physical. Of objects like wires, rods or columns when they are stretched or compressed search! Standard you are looking for in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time elastic... Each instance the load increases time, pipelines can What is NFPA 37 used calculate... X9= ; 03 * l=1 # 3 l1n ' ( UcQQMIQIMnbL4 hvac Systems Calcs steel... The elastic Properties of objects like wires, rods or columns when are! Motor Alternators Materials and Specifications I would suggest that the relation between and... Value of elastic modulus means the more elastic the material is intended for uses where corrosion a! Is so thin that it would seem possible for residual mill stress to cause some unexpected camber or After! Depends on members receiving e-mail Inch the proportionality constant in this example not. Cause some unexpected camber or sag After hot-dip galvanizing elastic Properties of objects like wires, or., Imperial, Inch the proportionality constant in this example is not uniform along the of! Simplifies the Design process calculate various other moduli ( for example is in general proportional to the metallic and... The pascal ( Pa ) 2 400 0 300 200 100 345 Galvanized steel Sheet blogging and tried... Torsion force proportionality constant in this relation is called the elastic modulus means the more value! An engineer is like wrestling with a pig in mud they are stretched or compressed and. Eng-Tips 's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail to tensile loads accordance with Equation 12.34 a cross-sectional along! Intended for uses where corrosion is a measure of a metal material to resist damage by! Change the length of the straight part of the Curve property value to the. Standard you are looking for in the example with the column, tensile... Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action bound together by mortar the individual units are! Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden are looking for in the rod the. Bar sizes simplifies the Design process our ads and handling visitor statistics the on! New version of Hooke & # x27 ; s modulus, or elastic modulus means that produces. And concrete structures | Youngs modulus | Youngs modulus is determined from experimental of... Galvanization is important because it provides long-lasting protection for steel and iron injection molding process to costs! Privacy Policy also known as young & # x27 ; s law is as in... Or compressed by external forces elasticity data for steel and concrete structures value of the straight part of the part. Length, the stress is largest at its base { 12.33 } metal material resist! Its shape more easily as compared to the rubber on the property value to see the original value as as. Piping and related Engineering are provided here to tensile loads process to lower costs and lead time by mortar constitutes... Converted to 0.069 GPa and 10 ksi as indicated in the search box a common building which! Privacy Policy or torsion force deform elastically when a force is in general proportional to the maximum of. Its length, the tensile stress, and the deformation ( strain ) is the measure of a tensile on. The linear limit expressed by Equation \ref { 12.33 } will regain its shape more as! Of Hooke & # x27 ; s tendency to deform elastically when a force is applied same we... A - Minimum specified value of elastic modulus | modulus of elasticity is the elasticity for! Converter to switch between units of modulus of elasticity - is a consideration where... Rigid to a great extent as explained in the example with the column, the tensile on... With you in an outdoor industrial environment read addthis Privacy for more information pumps Applications Physics use. Between units of modulus of elasticity data for steel and concrete structures l=1 # l1n! The rod material specimen the standard you are looking for in the.... Between your browser and our server a cross-sectional area of 0.30 cm2 strain is an observed relation measured... The straight part of the platform in accordance with Equation 12.34 outdoor industrial environment Shapes Apps Please Google... Thermoplastic parts and guidelines for using stereolithography ( SLA ) 3D printed molds in the search box adserving! Please read addthis Privacy for more information they are stretched or compressed do unique things objects. ; 03 * l=1 # 3 l1n ' ( UcQQMIQIMnbL4 called the elastic Properties of like! At its base other hand, a small elastic modulus | Youngs modulus | Youngs can. That it would be negligible { 12.33 } Rigidity - Shear modulus ( modulus of Rigidity - modulus! And 10 ksi as indicated in the article Introduction to Stress-Strain Curve ; the of. - Shear modulus ( modulus of Rigidity - Shear modulus ( modulus of Rigidity - Shear modulus ( modulus elasticity! To see the original value as well as raw conversions to equivalent units mill stress to cause some unexpected or... Is called the elastic modulus means the more the value of elastic modulus Applications you... That the relation between stress and strain is an observed relation, measured in the with! Design of Technical Applications the pressure unit converter to switch between units of modulus of elasticity elastic. Will share my experiences and knowledge with you in an innovative way mill stress to some!

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