Among his early supporters was powerful newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst, whose publications hailed Landon as the "Horse and Buggy Governor" and the "Kansas Coolidge.". I join with you. ." And to call it social security is a fraud on the workingman. This is the largest tax bill in history. In retrospect it is obvious that these mens ideas about the causes and cure of the depression ranged from merely wrongheaded to completely crackpot. These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. But there was so much anger, public anger, against the Court that members of the Court, especially the chief justice, Charles Evans Hughes, began to get a little nervous about their standing. Still restless, he followed his father into the oil business, investing in various ventures until he launched his own firm in 1912. This interview has been edited and condensed. As of 2020, this is the equal lowest total electoral vote total for a major-party candidate; the lowest number since was Reagan's 1984 opponent, Walter Mondale, who won only thirteen electoral votes. The Republican Party saw its total in the United States House of Representatives reduced to 88 seats and in the United States Senate to 16 seats in their respective elections and only won four governorships in the 1936 elections. Corrections? During the 1950s, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed amendments that expanded the job categories eligible for Social Security and added a disability insurance program. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. [16] At a well attended Long rally in Philadelphia, a former mayor told the press "There are 250,000 Long votes" in this city. Charles Coughlin Priest. . In the face of the interventionist onslaught, the American economy between 1930 and 1940 failed to add anything to its capital stock: net private investment for that eleven-year period totaled minus $3.1 billion. Another fireside talk that he gave in 1934, when the New Deal was just getting underway, and criticism was building of wasted money in the WPAhe said, you know, these are big programs, and whenever you have a program like this that goes out over 3,000 counties throughout the nation theres going to be inefficiency, theres going to be cases of bad management, there may be cases of misuse of funds. Although some political pundits predicted a close race, Roosevelt went on to win the greatest electoral landslide since the beginning of the two-party system in the 1850s. New York Times, September 7, 1982; October 13, 1987. Do you see parallels today in the legal opposition to the New Deal and Obamacare? Roosevelt won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of the Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of Blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. And it excluded roughly 65 percent of Black workers with jobs in agriculture, domestic labor and other fields deemed ineligible for Social Security. His drive and resourcefulness at scouting and developing oil fields eventually earned him a comfortable fortune. I think you heard that a little bit in Obamas talk the other day about Obamacare. And every month he spends the money that his children bring him, partly in meeting his regular expenses, and the rest in various experiments that fascinate him. This is because the tax is imposed in such a way that, if the employer is to stay in business, he must shift the tax to some one else. Ronald and Nancy Reagan were among the visitors who helped him celebrate his 100th birthday. Roosevelt went ahead with the court-packing scheme, and that was probably the greatest single blunder of his administration. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/alfred-mossman-landon, "Alfred Mossman Landon The most memorable section of the speech was, in the opinion of most observers, this passage: For twelve years this Nation was afflicted with hear-nothing, see-nothing, do-nothing Government. Click . He went on to beat Woodring by a small margin, becoming the only Republican west of the Mississippi to be elected governor that year. FDR defended Social Security and ended up beating Landon in the 1936 election. Prominent business people also supported a variety of anti-New Deal organizations, with the du Pont, Pitcairn, Morgan, Rockefeller, and Hutton groups . The GOP nominated Kansas Governor Alfred Landon as their presidential candidate. In this madness, the New Dealers had a method. I am not exaggerating the folly of this legislation. And I don't think the Republican Party is really wide awake to that. The Democrats leveled charges of their own, portraying Landon as a tool of the reactionary ultra-rich who would dismantle the New Deal if elected. [11] Long's son Russell B. It is no exaggeration to say that he took the government when it was a small racket and made a large racket out of it.[1]. Roosevelt. Nine mad years of mirage and three long years of despair! You had the WPA (Works Project Administration), which was probably the most famous work relief program that the New Deal created and of course that came under a huge amount of criticism because a lot of the projects that the WPA funded were manifestly make-work projects. However, in a later Senate speech, he admitted that he "might have a good parade to offer before I get through". We will keep our sleeves rolled up. Franklin D. Roosevelt won reelection, defeating Republican Alf Landon. The Southern Democratic bloc, particularly in the Senate, was the most rigorous opposition to the New Deal, and he had to deal with it because it was very powerful. Of these states, only Indiana would vote Democratic again after 1964 (for Barack Obama in 2008), making this the penultimate time a Democrat won any of the Great Plains states. ", Kennedy, Patrick D. "Chicago's Irish Americans and the Candidacies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-1944. 1940 Wendell Willkie Presidential VP C. McNary Campaign Jugate Pinback Button . It is more than that; it is a war for the survival of democracy. In the current debate over Social Security reform, the name of Alf Landon, the 1936 Republican candidate for president, rarely comes up. This election is notable for The Literary Digest poll, which was based on ten million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; 2.27 million were returned. Its facing a lot of criticism, and also snags in terms of the legislations rollout. Journalists titillated the public with talk of Roosevelts Brain Trusthis coterie of policy advisers before and shortly after his election in 1932, of whom the most prominent were the Columbia University professors Raymond Moley, Rexford Guy Tugwell, and Adolph A. Berle. After the 1930s, opponents of a proposed federal program might object to its structure, its personnel, or its cost, but hardly anyone objected on the grounds that the program was by its very nature improper to undertake at the federal level of government. If the Democrats nominate Roosevelt and the Republicans nominate Hoover, Huey Long will be your next President. you can get FDR as the leader of the Confederacy. Kansas Senator Robert Dole was among those who eulogized Landon, hailing him as "a legendary Republican who taught generations of politicians what integrity and leadership were all about.". Roosevelt won the highest share of the popular and electoral vote since the largely uncontested 1820 election. While Roosevelt won the largest portion of electoral votes to date, Ronald Reagan won more electors while achieving a lesser popular vote victory in 1984, as the electoral college had expanded. Updates? Of the 3,095 counties, parishes and independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won in 2,634 (85 percent) while Landon carried 461 (15 percent); this was one of the few measures by which Landon's campaign was more successful than Hoover's had been four years prior, with Landon winning 87 more counties than Hoover did, albeit mostly in less populous parts of the country. His interest in politics reinvigorated, he ran for the post of local Republican county committeeman and gradually rose in the party ranks. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of Share Our Wealth. Although the New Deal had alienated conservatives, including many businessmen, most Americans supported Roosevelts programs. He kept his distance from conservatives like ex-President Herbert Hoover and avoided a wholesale denunciation of the New Deal. It was a long-term investment. Washington, D.C., May 6. John D. M. Hamilton and Frank Knox, among others, lambasted Roosevelt as a revolutionary out to destroy the U.S. Constitution. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. 146 pp. Draft efforts did focus on former Vice-President Charles G. Dawes and Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary, two of the few prominent Republicans not to have been associated with Hoover's administration, but both men quickly disclaimed any interest in running. Mencken, soon grow used to anything, including even being swindled. Following the landslide defeat of former President Herbert Hoover at the previous presidential election in 1932, combined with devastating congressional losses that year, the Republican Party was largely seen as rudderless. A member of the Republican Party, he was the party's nominee in the 1936 . Instead of condemning them completely, he favored eliminating the waste and inefficiency in specific programs. He was in every sense purely an opportunist. As John T. Flynn said of FDR, it was always easy to interest him in a plan which would confer some special benefit upon some special class in the population in exchange for their votes, and eventually no political boss could compete with him in any county in America in the distribution of money and jobs.[5]. I really think its the responsibility of the president and the Democrats in Congress and administrators to get that point across over and over again. ", Surviving most of his political peers, Landon lived to see his daughter Nancy Landon Kassebaum elected to the U.S. senate in 1978. Alf Landon, the Republican candidate for President in 1936, offered strong opposition to Social Security based on its burden on employers and employees as well as the possibility that the money coming into the Treasury would not be put away for later liabilities. While this proved true in the long run, it provided no help to people who needed immediate assistance in 1935. But they contributed mightily to FDRs swing away from accommodating business interests and toward assaulting investors as a class, whom he dubbed economic royalists and blamed for the depression and other social evils. But, due to his untimely death, President Roosevelt faced only one primary opponent other than various favorite sons. To a free people these actions are insufferable. $12.03 + $3.95 shipping. It didnt include disability or health insurance, as the Committee on Economic Security had originally recommended. Some historians, including Long biographer T. Harry Williams, contend that Long had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. In the 1960s he supported Lyndon B. Johnson's Medicare program and other of Johnson's Great Society initiatives. Author: Kansas Historical Society. Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2.5% for Breckinridge.[3]. [20] Farley's poll revealed that if Long ran on a third-party ticket, he would win about 4million votes (about 10% of the electorate). His candidacy was officially launched at the 1935 American Legion Convention. View 99 homes for sale in Alford, FL at a median listing home price of $24,900. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner were re-nominated without opposition. During the Great Depression, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt passed a series of economic recovery measures known collectively as the New Deal. That same year, America's entry into World War I prompted Landon to enlist in the Army, where he received a commission in the chemical warfare corps. Omissions? Alf Landon received only 36%. The book was published posthumously in 1935. We are going to have trouble enough to carry out an economy program without having the Treasury flush with money drawn from the workers.. For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1940. (April 13, 2023). Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/news/social-security-history-fdr-new-deal, Why Social Security Was the Cornerstone of FDRs New Deal. Picture 1 of 3 . Thornton, Willis, The Life of Alfred M. Landon, Grosset & Dunlap, 1936. I think anytime you have a president come into power who is not very well-known when hes elected, and Roosevelt was exactly the same, he was the governor of New York, but to the rest of the country he was sort of a cipher and people made of him what they wanted to make of him. (2001). Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Idaho Senator William Borah, Montana Senator and running mate of Robert M. La Follette in 1924 Burton K. Wheeler, and Governor Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota FarmerLabor Party. Fundamentally he was without any definite political or economic philosophy. As this statement illustrates, not everyone admired FDR during the 1930s. In spring 1935, Long undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances, attracting large crowds and increasing his stature. The results on election day proved to be far different: the incumbent Roosevelt carried 46 states (worth 523 electoral votes), leaving only Maine and Vermont (8 electoral votes) in his opponent's column. Howard Baker Former White House Chief of Staff. His main Republican rivals included Senator William E. Borah of Idaho, newspaper publisher Colonel Frank Knox, and Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan. Picture Information. gaoruosong 2 yr. ago. Under the leadership of Secretary of Labor Perkins, the committee developed the idea for a contributory old-age pension plan. So, by about 1935, 1936, the Court began to back off a little bit, where the Court upheld the New Deal initiatives. This was the last election in which Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota would vote Democratic until 1964. Landon and his father shared an interest in politics. Elections, 4th ed. Henry Skillman Breckinridge, an anti-New Deal lawyer from New York, filed to run against Roosevelt in four primaries. His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists, and indeed for politicians. Thus, options B, C, D, and E are correct. Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely travelled. He was still in training when the Armistice was declared. Landon worked hard for the Bull Moose campaign in Kansas, establishing enduring ties with such influential figures as editor William Allen White. Source: Alfred M. Landon, I Will Not Promise the Moon, Vital Speeches of the Day (October 15, 1936), 2627. Were going to try one thing, and if it doesnt work, were going to be candid that it doesnt work and were going to move on to the next thing. "Alfred Mossman Landon A member of the Republican Party, he was the party's nominee in the 1936 presidential election, and was defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt . We had to struggle with the old enemies of peacebusiness and financial monopoly, speculation, reckless banking, class antagonism, sectionalism, war profiteering. In 1939, FDR signed amendments to the Social Security Act that introduced dependent and survivor benefits for workers spouses and children. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration resembled the Food Administration; the National Recovery Administration resembled the War Industries Board; the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (created under Hoover but greatly expanded under Roosevelt) resembled the War Finance Corporation; the National Labor Relations Board resembled the War Labor Board; the Tennessee Valley Authority resembled the Muscle Shoals project; the Civilian Conservation Corps resembled the army itself. He distinguished himself in student government and earned the nickname "The Fox" for his political skills. There is every probability that the cash they pay in will be used for current deficits and new extravagances. Landon was a bit more liberal than the rest of his party, as he did support some of the New Deal programs.. This was the last Democratic landslide in the West, as Democrats won every state except Kansas (Landon's home state) by more than 10%. While promising to support a progressive Republican like Sen. William Borah, Long claimed that he would only support a Share Our Wealth candidate. Others supporting the Republican ticket were far more brutal in their attacks. In reaction to pressures from the left and hostility from the right, the New Deal shifted more toward reform in 1935-36. The question really is still, will people listen to him the way people listened to FDR? But the courts were one place where opponents thought they could steamroll Obamacare. Keith Ian Polakoff FDR gives the New Deal national bonus. In bad times it increases unemployment, and unemployment breaks wage scales. In fact, as many observers claimed at the time, the New Deal did prolong the depression. Landon played a key role in nominating Wendell Willkie for president at the 1940 Republican National Convention. United States presidential election of 1936, American presidential election held on November 3, 1936, in which Democratic Pres. When the election was over, Landon went back to Kansas where he . In October the highly regarded Liberty Digest straw poll predicted a Landon victory. In the final days of the campaign, the Republican National Committee circulated the charge that Roosevelt's Social Security Act would cut wages and force workers to wear identification tags around their necks. As one Kansas delegate put it, "God has His hand on Alf Landon's shoulder.". Robert Higgs is Senior Fellow in Political Economy for the Independent Institute and Editor at Large of the Institutes quarterly journal The Independent Review. Michael Levy was political science editor (2000-06), executive editor (2006-11), editor of Britannica Blog (2010-11), and director of product content & curriculum (2011-12) at Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. JK: In many ways, some of the more lasting programs of the New Deal, like Social Security, were built over time. "Mass dynamics of US presidential competitions, 19281936. Roosevelt also won the highest share of the popular vote since 1820, though Lyndon Johnson would later win a slightly higher share of the popular vote in 1964. . Frank Knox Publisher. "Alf" Landon first entered the national political arena in 1912, campaigning for Theodore . . This page was last edited on 18 April 2023, at 03:19. It got a lot of criticism from conservatives in Congress that it was just wasting money. Im Gegensatz zum konservativen Parteiflgel wollte er auch nicht die 1935 eingefhrte Sozialversicherung wieder abschaffen. Republican national leaders saw Landon as a promising candidate to oppose Franklin D. Roosevelt's re-election bid in 1936. It doesn't change the focus tree either, meaning you can get FDR as the leader of the Confederacy if you delay the war long enough. Critics saw Roosevelt's judicial reform bill as an attempt to gain influence on the Supreme Court. I think thats really out of a page out of FDRs book. A born politicianwhich is to say, he was devious, manipulative, and mendaciousRoosevelt had a flair for campaigning and for posturing before and propagandizing the public. Sources: Electoral and popular vote totals based on data from the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives and Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Alf Landon, the Republican candidate for President in 1936, offered strong opposition to Social Security based on its burden on employers and employees as well as the possibility that the money coming into the Treasury would not be put away for later liabilities. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The expected third-party candidacy of prominent Senator Huey Long briefly reignited Hoover's hopes, but they were just as quickly ended by Long's death in September 1935. The next year, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Social Security as constitutional in Steward Machine Co. v. Davis and Helvering v. Davis. The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic Party chairman James Farley - who had in fact declared during the campaign that Roosevelt would lose only these two states - [22] to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of "As Maine goes, so goes the nation" into "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont." [17] Regarding Roosevelt, Long boasted to the New York Times' Arthur Krock: "He's scared of me. The second New Deal and the Supreme Court. In a Los Angeles speech, he accused the New Deal of being "obsessed with the idea that it had a mandate to control America business, American agriculture, and American life." In 1936 they rallied at their national convention, held in Cleveland June 9-12, in favour of Landon, considered a moderate progressive, who won 984 of the 1,003 delegate votes. Like Social Security, how do you convince the public to look long-term? In the midst of the Great Depression, incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Governor Alf Landon of Kansas. The sweeping victory consolidated the New Deal Coalition in control of the Fifth Party System.[2]. Check all of the boxes that apply. In addition, the Democratic Congress also passed a major tax revisionlabeled by its opponents as a soak-the-rich taxthat raised tax rates for persons with large incomes and for large corporations. In a 1962 interview, Landon labeled himself a "practical progressive, which means that the Republican Party or any political party has got to recognize the problems of a growing and complex civilization. They only existed to put people to work on the spot, to put money in their hands to put food on the table, shelter over their heads. He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide "shackles for the liberties of the people and enslavement for the public". Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [29] However, the Republicans would make a strong comeback in the 1938 congressional elections, and while they would remain a potent force in Congress,[29] they were not able to regain control of the House or the Senate until 1946, and would not regain the Presidency until 1952. Picture Information. Early and late, the presidents advisers shared at least one major opinion: that the federal government should intervene deeply and widely in economic life; that government spending, employing, and regulating, all directed by experts such as themselves, could repair the various perceived defects of the market system and restore prosperity while achieving greater social justice. They increase until it is $6 in taxes for every $100 in wages. Even today, 60 years after the New Deal ran out of steam, its legacies remain, still hampering the successful operation of the market economy and diminishing individual liberties. Roosevelt's candidates for delegates swept the race in New Jersey and elsewhere. Landon could do little to stem the Roosevelt tide. The requisites of successfully prosecuting a war had virtually nothing in common with the requisites of getting the economy out of a depression. When Roosevelt first came into office, Congress was so terrified that there were no answers to the Great Depression they were willing to go along with FDR with almost everything, especially in the 100 days, when everything proposed got passed. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except for material where copyright is reserved by a party other than FEE. Flynn referred to an aspect of his character as the free and easy manner in which he could confront problems about which he knew very little.[8] Nor did he care that he knew very little; his mind sailed on the surface. 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